![]() ![]() Montane et al reported an incidence of 2.34 per million in Barcelona, and similar rates of 2.0 per million were reported by the International Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia Study in Europe and Israel. The incidence varies throughout the world. Frequently, patients present with fatigue and symptoms associated with anemia such as pallor, headache, dyspnea, palpitations, gingival bleeding, and petechial rashes. 10, 11 Environmental exposures such as benzene and pharmaceutical drug use with chloramphenicol were initially reported as culprits leading to AA. 6, 7, 8, 9Īplastic anemia is a rare disease featuring decreased or absent hematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow, often secondary to pluripotent stem cell injury. Symptoms may be nonspecific, but anemia is the most common cytopenia observed and is frequently associated with fatigue, weakness, exercise intolerance, angina, or cognitive impairment. 3, 4, 5 The actual incidence may be higher owing to often nonspecific symptoms, and definitive diagnosis with appropriate testing may not occur. The incidence is approximately 3‐4 cases/100 000 an estimated 10 000 cases are diagnosed annually in the United States. Myelodysplastic syndrome includes a diverse group of hematopoietic stem cell disorders categorized by dysplastic and ineffectual blood cell production. ![]() 2 However, the American Cancer Society now considers MDS a malignancy. 1 AA and PNH are not defined as malignancies but may transition to leukemias. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), aplastic anemia (AA), and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) are rare disorders of bone marrow failure and have overlapping pathophysiologies. ![]()
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